"Pavement ends, Watch for Hummer ahead"

Was reading GM decided to close Hummer. Finally this was the point i understood there is not even any one left in US with a 150 million to save brand and jobs in US.

My thoughts on what went wrong?

H2 may be good at time of introduction but in my view current H2 is a mistake, they should have refined in way

• H2- Full size Off road 4x4 SUV and SUT (8/9+ people mover with 6.0 ltr engine )
• H3 - Midsize off road 4x4 SUT and SUT ( with 3.7 or 6.0 ltr options )
• H4 - Compact off road 4x4 SUT and UTE ( a scion XB, granite size Hummer with 2.4 or 3.7 ltr engines)

The focus should be off road capability,safety and fuel efficiency.

Wondering we will ever hear "The road ends: Hummer Begins" , In other language "Pavement ends, Watch for Hummer ahead"

© yankandpaste®

hybrid concept ?? -cont ... fixed gears ( was 14 mode hybrid )

Decided the change the title of the from 14 mode hybrid ?? to hybrid concept as now we are going beyond the a 14 mode concept.

Today i was thinking on it a bit more and introduction of a fixed gears to hybrid system.

Use case ? Lets say we want to increase the tow capacity on a particular profile. The same Electric motor + ICE works but if the truck is going a steep - as per the previous theory , the entire load will shift to electric motors as speed decreases. So by introducing a fixed gear system, the load requirement gets supported by ICE and Electric motors which helps to add more weight capability.

So this can work across all profiles. The control system/software needs to decide which one is more efficient on below
1) to use another cylinder
2) a fixed gear.


So finally we are getting more clear to have a hybrid system concept where we use only required optimal energy for a particular use which helps to increase the overall efficiency.

© yankandpaste®

14 mode hybrid ?? -cont ... profiles

One of the major concern for a hybrid buyer is fuel economy. I found a nice way to tackle it in our hybrid concept by introducing profiles.

example:

• Commuter Profile
• Auto profile

The commuter profile makes the 5 cylinder engine to operate only 3 (or even 2 ) of its cylinders and use electric motors to support at extra power needs (similar to HSD/ BAS+ hybrid of GM ) which uses electric motor for low speeds, ICE at optimal rpm - gen, ICE at optimal rpm and ICE + electric motor for acceleration /up hills and regeneration at breaking.

The other idea is to support this profile with an aerodynamic canopy ( factory designed with canopy to have max aero effect on the optimal rpm /speed ) for better fuel efficiency.

So this takes off the worry daily commuter to have the truck or if truck is running long one side without any load and use the power only when its needed than running all cylinders all time. ( example a 3.7 ltr 5 cylinder engine, operating with 3 cylinder mode will have almost 2.22 ltr + electric motor power available - so it should offer better power and fuel economy than a 2.4 ltr 4 cylinder engined equinox ) . This should be good power for even 4 people drive + some loads ( remember equinox 2.4 ltr has a tow capacity of 1500 pounds.)

The Auto profile is to choose the ICE and electric motor combinations only according to the pre-programmed logic.

Its better to have more profiles to optimize the use resources more effectively ( like a medium mode ( 4 people / light load ) , tow mode ( fully loaded / tow ) etc.
1500

The base idea is like electric grid communication , use only optimal resources for any situation and save the rest. Organize the profiles in such a way to get maximum efficiency and allow to force to stick to some settings if needed.



© yankandpaste®

14 mode hybrid ??

Again thoughts on the above rendering

What engine option may be the best

I would love to have 3.7 ltr 5 cylinder direct injection rwd/4x4 hybrid - Only one ?? Yep Only one

When i say hybrid if you ask, - i don't know but i know it should have below modes

1) Electric only
2) 3 Cylinder
3) 3 Cylinder + electric motor
4 3 Cylinder + Generator
5) 3 Cylinder + electric motor + Generator
6) 4 Cylinder
7) 4 Cylinder + electric motor
8) 4 Cylinder + Generator
9) 4 Cylinder + electric motor + Generator
10) 5 Cylinder
11) 5 Cylinder + electric motor
12) 5 Cylinder + Generator
13) 5 Cylinder + electric motor + Generator
14) Regenerative mode ( on all times above modes and breaking etc )

so is it a 14 mode hybrid ?? ( 1+ 4 = 5 and 5 cylinder, so numerology matches ). May its better to put something like an 3 or a 5 (for numerology sake) letter acronym which can be pronounced easier.

One question may be why 5 cylinder : look at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Straight-five_engine for more details.


In practical tests may be "'x' Cylinder + electric motor + Generator" mode need to be reconsidered based on the efficiency it can achieve. But its all depends on the control logic which is programmed by a firmware to activate and use the mode. On a transmission design point, all the modes should be possible without further hardware change.

The ICE should be optimized for peak efficiency and fixed rpm range and rest all should be handled with the Electric motor/Generator . The transmission need to designed so that it can have a trans output as a function of ice rpm, Electric motor and Generator. The existing technologies which is used in the 2 mode system (like active fuel management ,variable valve timing,direct injection etc) should make this.


One update is to make more modes with introduction of turbo charging . The modes will be increased to around 23 modes (2 + 3 = 5 again another numerology works) - which should be able to reduce the 3.7 ltr engine to a 2.5 ltr engine ( still 5 cylinder )

If this can be done, i am sure the design can achieve a very high fuel economy without sacrificing any power and will be good in emissions as it runs in optimal way all the time/modes.


How GM can do it ? Optimizing the 2 mode system and use the existing 3.7 ltr engine which goes in H3/Colorado. What is takes its only some time ,experiment spirit and test. Its all existing resources and only what it takes is incremental update of system.


© yankandpaste®

2011 chevrolet colorado ??

Was looking for a colorado in craigslists. Found some models and them started search for user review comments.

To be true i saw a lot 2006 model comments which has problems. didnt get much comments on 2007 onwards. then i started wondering why. I went to wikipedia and check the below page.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chevrolet_Colorado

Looked on the sales numbers ,

Calendar Year	Colorado	Canyon	Total U.S. sales
2004[7]	117,475	27,193	144,668
2005[7]	128,359	34,845	163,204
2006[8]	93,876	23,979	117,855
2007[9]	75,716	20,888	96,604
2008[9]	54,346	14,974	69,320
2009[10]	32,413	10,107	42,520

It clearly showed me,why there impact of the reviews and sales numbers reflected it very well. If somebody from GM looked on this well, i am sure they would have understood what needed to be done and how they should have done incremental updates to it.

Finally i spend a bit time reading IIHS Crash tests and Chevolet colorados performace ( hits bottom ). I believe the new GM should have learned to have quality vehicles than cheap vehicles. So i decided to do a small contribution for a 2011 Chevolet colorado design. Its completely derived from the 2010 Equinox which will really help them to

1) Reduce costs by sharing parts with Equinox
2) Use Existing resources better than spending money for a full redesign ( old GM way was never update any vehicle, design, sell, again redesign sell - finally loose money and market ).
This will be a great incremental update for the Colorado.
3) As they can use the parts of Terrain for the GMC counter part
4) As This is derived they can use parts of existing platforms ( GMT 355 and use exterior and engine from Theta .Both are known ones they can minimize the test time and concentrate on tests than design.
5) It looks really better.

The rendered pic below :-)





© yankandpaste®

The foldable display concept explained

Thought i will explain a bit more on the fold able display concept with couple more pictures.
The display concept consists of a display gloves, extender stem (fold able ) and the display

The fold able display consists is stored at the display glove which is between the front seats when the display is not used or the back seats are folded. This keeps the display safe when you are carrying stiff with seats folded.

when you need them, they need to take out and moved to a position comfortable for the user. once done the user can move the display back to the glove.

When combining with the personal zone concept, the display can be used in below modes.

1) Folded/not in use
2) Unfolded independent
3) Unfolded Combined mode H
4) Unfolded Combined mode U
5) Unfolded Combined mode E
6) Unfolded Combined mode I

H means Horizontal combined
U means UP down combined
E means Extended screen mode
I means Independent screen mode

A picture do better than 1000 words ( true ? Pic follows ). Click on the picture to see details.



© yankandpaste®

Foldable displays and Perzonal zones for car

I was going through the GMC granite design and found its nice to have 2 more additions

1) Fold-able displays for back seat.



Example is 2 display screens which are fold-able on on the sides of storage space between the front seats. This will help to have person sitting on back to have there on display screens and it does not harm when the seats are folded to cargo purposes. The backside of the storage space can have interfaces for the devices to connect ( ex: HDMI ) and power outlets

At some time when a big screen is need the screens can be place in a way so that they will act as a single screen which allows people to watch big screen stuff.

A more details explination of the concepts is at http://yankandpaste.blogspot.com/2010/01/foldable-display-concept-explained.html


Personal Zone concept :

This concept is an extension of the dual zone. With this concept all 4 seats in a car get one personal zone each. A personal zone consists of a multi touch display, and HDMI port to connect , A smart phone connector , a Bluetooth connection to a head set, HVOC controls ( software ) and setting etc. The car can have 2 personal zones at back and this can be extended to one front seat also without personal display ( he can use the centre console and share with driver as a display can distract the driver ). Other than the display all other comforts can be extended to the front seats. So every one can listen to the music they want and use the apps they like and have the HVOC setting they want without disturbing the other. Same time they should be able to use
the display as one and can watch/ use bigs creen. From every zone the people should be able to access the installed apps and control HVOC and other comforts.

Technically this is very feasible as new operating systems like Android/linux find place in the car systems.


I would like to keep the rights of personal zone idea ;-) as i didn't find this in any concepts/cars.

© yankandpaste®

Ford sync, Kia UVO,Is it only micorsoft way ?

Recent head lines where Ford sync and Kia UVO. Microsoft finds its way to cars but not saying its name. I was looking on old joke



MICROSOFT SHOULD MAKE CARS, GM SHOULD MAKE SOFTWARE

At a recent computer expo, Bill Gates reportedly compared the computer industry with the auto industry and stated: "If GM had kept up with technology like the computer industry has, we would all be driving twenty-five dollar cars that got 1000 miles to the gallon." In response to Bill's comments/General Motors issued a press release stating the following: "If GM had developed technology like Microsoft, we would be driving cars with the following characteristics:

1. For no reason whatsoever, your car would crash twice a day.

2. Every time they repainted the lines on the road, you would have to buy a new car.

3. Occasionally, your car would die on the freeway for no reason, and you would accept this, restart, and drive on.

4. Occasionally, executing a maneuver such as a left turn would cause your car to shut down and refuse to restart;
in which case you would have to reinstall the engine.

5. Only one person at a time could use the car, unless you bought 'Car95' or 'CarNT.' Then you would have to buy
more seats.

6. Macintosh would make a car that was powered by the sun, was more reliable, five times as fast, and twice as easy to drive, but would only run on five percent of the roads.

7. The oil, water, temperature and alternator warning lights would be replaced by a single 'general car fault' warning light.

8. New seats would force everyone to have the same butt size.

9. The airbag system would say 'Are you sure?' before going off.

10. Occasionally, for no reason whatsoever, your car would lock you out and refuse to let you in until you simultaneously lifted the door handle, turned the key and grabbed hold of the radio antenna.

11. GM would require all car buyers to also purchase a deluxe set of Rand McNally road maps (now a GM subsidiary), even though they neither need them nor want them. Attempting to delete this option would immediately cause the car's performance to diminish by 50 per cent or more.

12. Every time GM introduced a new model, car buyers would have to learn how to drive all over again because none of the controls would operate in the same manner as the old car.

13. You'd press the 'Start' button to shut off the engine.



Jokes apart, Now Microsoft is in Car software. But wonder what GM and others left with


Google : Android and Chrome OS (base Linux but apps and top abstractions varies )

This should be a good option for a car company to approach Google and get the Android or chrome OS ported to car so that they can add new car apps and make app stores also

I was reading already a company called Continental announces Android-based Autolinq for cars.

Nokia : There are also 2 operating systems : Maemo and Symbian - the problem with both are they are not eye catchers.

Apple : A port of iPhone OS /Mac OS : Its again great and proved it can do the purpose and with apple multi touch patents and interface design it can make clean way to premium cars ( apple means premium )

Embedded Linux : Any distribution : can be done but again but in a marketing point of view, its better to use names like Android as all are Linux

The BSDs : They are kool and stable but getting attention is a big problem as these systems and developing app infrastructure will take more effort.

I am sure one or more of these are going to make its way to new vehicles. I really think Android/Chrome OS may be the best for a Chevy as people can write applications and add a lot value (specially trucks ).


As a joke GMC may choose Chrome OS in a denali version as it can have Chorme inside out ;-)





© yankandpaste®

ecomodder + kits idea

Couple of good one men shows before corporates chip in. Corporates still have a problem in thinking out of the box because they can't make money but couple of people don't worry on loosing the money.


The below video requires a bit of appreciation as i see its a good effort.








Lets congratulate them :-)


Boat tails, Wheel skirts and more. I think its a nice idea to have aero kits from the corporate itself and they can make money making designs and offer aero kits so that interested can purchase ( safe game still room for imporvement ).

example its a nice imagination for a 2010 Equinox to come with

1) Optional Front aero kit
2) Optional Aero tail kit
3) Optional wheel skirts

and these kits should be on order production and dealer fitted. They should be configurable on a dealer order or a internet configuration wizard.

This can be a better fit for small cars/crossovers also ( like expected orlando ).



© yankandpaste®

More inspirations on the way

Found a couple more inspirations




1984 Chevrolet Citation IV



Ford probe IV and V







GM Precept


Seems it now time for govt to act. They have to follow/make similar model of japan on defining a class of cars where which gets insurance and tax breaks ( like kei cars ) so that companies can come forward, make business cases and design and sell new products !!

Its not because companies has ideas to innovate but its only because govt is not allowing them to go out of the box solutions and gives opportunity to sell them them.


My ideas on the new class definition is like for a start they should come up with parameters like

Min: 80 mpg ( from regeneration and optimizations - no external alternative energy supply )
4 wheeler ( 2 - 4 seats )
should pass min crash test ratings ( ex: 3 stars for frontal, side, rollover etc )
etc etc.

For plug-in rules should be different and the standards should be moving , like 120mpg on 2015 .. and must plugin-features and safety features.

this makes more people buy commuter cars which are very effective and takes less to maintain + develops new ways to find solutions for problems apart from electrification and allows use of other technologies like aerodynamics,regenerations etc to be in practice.

For GM Precept its nice to have visit on : http://www.electrifyingtimes.com/gmprecept.html
© yankandpaste®

My- Aero car thoughts and insperations

Seems i am using my time on vacation to draw pics :-) and getting the level of my kid. He seems to be drawing better too.

Today i was able to get a clear picture of an aero design from existing size requirements from a normal car.

Picture follows :-)




Even its easy to swap the engine space and boot space so that a RR (Rear-engine, rear-wheel drive) layout can be made from the above design. On other thoughts , Putting a hybrid power train may increase the fuel economy and EV ranges.

The basic idea is the reduce the frontal area - for CdA (mostly airfoiled frontal area and reduced the back area ) and increase/optimize the curves over top,down and sides to that they can contribute forward pull using aerodynamics. The top,sides and bottom curves seems much important as they can give resulting forward moving forces. The bottom (down part ) curve may help more to push to front and same time balance the extra down (vertical component ) of the force made by the top curve. Its also very important to optimize curves for max advantage of those parts without affecting the passenger comfort and utility space.

I took the base height, width and other ratios from a Volvo S70 (my current car which i like the space inside ) for the above model so that it can seat 5 comfortably and have enough space ( its not a small car now - its a 5 seat modern hatchback bigger than Toyota Prius).



To my wonder, Its really great to see some old models , Let me upload them also to get a pic of how people were thinking in old days.



1937 Pillsbug : CD of 0.13 6 -7 Passenger






1937 Maybach





Don't know the model info but looks EV1 was taken from this one.




1984 Chevrolet Citation IV concept





GM EV1






Mercedes-Benz bionic car

Links :

Ecomodder : 65+ tips : http://ecomodder.com/forum/fuel-economy-mpg-modifications.php


Cars to Emulate and Study: http://neilblanchard.vox.com/library/post/cars-to-emulate-and-study.html

© yankandpaste®

Another high MPG IDEA : use water with Gas

Reading on some new innovations, from school. One looked interesting for increasing the mpg of a gas engine.

Use water also. No this is not to use steam for another stroke.

In this idea separate hydrogen and oxygen using a small battery and feed both also with the petrol to the engine. This enhances the firing and produces more output. so less gas is only required to have the same output. As its said that this reduces the emissions also.

© yankandpaste®

Method and procedure for designing a Range extender EV from emission cycle standards

As new Cafe standards and and emission control standards are in place we need to improve the efficiency of the existing vehicles.

There are multiple approaches to address the issue:

•  Improving existing ICE by use of new technologies and designs 
  
•  Use of a supplement and increase the efficiency ( hybrids )
  
•  Renewable non fossil energy ( EVs, fuel cells etc )
  

One of the problem people face on no fossil energy use  is the energy storage technologies are not affordable and the infrastructure is not ready and they are not proved. So we need an approach which is hybrid but more upgradable to future. As the Fuel cell and EVs depends on the electricity the approach needed to be electricity centric. 

One approach is a serial hybrid. There are other approaches like parallel hybrids, mild hybrids, strong hybrids, BAS hybrids etc. The good part of  serial hybrid is that its more future oriented and its a step closer to the renewable non fossil vehicles.

This post is an extension of the previous post of "something before volt".  This post is reflections of my thoughts on a 10 mile capable battery EREV. Because its for a 10 mile range, we assume the battery costs are less. We even  think it can be a ultra capacitor also because we need a device which can store and provide energy for the vehicle to travel 10 miles electrically.

The first step is a test EV ( electric vehicle ) which as capability to record the power used by the electric engine on a defined cycle. A cycle is a defined patten of driving for a particular time period. 

The Test  Ev will have the exact motor configuration we plan to have in our final product.

Example One motor 2 rear wheels ( say 90kw) and 2 in wheel motors ( 30kw ) for the 2 front wheels.

This configuration gives the advantages of rear wheel drive and on required conditions the front wheels can act and get AWD advantages. Secondly the front motors will  be more concentrating on regeneration of power from the regenerative breaking.

As a detailed step we will go through the different cycles defined by different standard authorities for the emission tests.

look at http://www.dieselnet.com/standards/cycles/ and get the required information , contact the  authorities and get the documents.

Some interesting cycles for US  are 

1.  US06  : 600 seconds long  representation of aggressive, high speed and/or high acceleration driving behavior, rapid speed fluctuations, and driving behavior following start up.  http://www.dieselnet.com/standards/cycles/ftp_us06.html
2.  FTP 75 : http://www.dieselnet.com/standards/cycles/ftp75.html
   
3. HWFET cycle : http://www.dieselnet.com/standards/cycles/hwfet.html
   
4. New york city cycle : http://www.dieselnet.com/standards/cycles/nycc.html
   
5.  California Unified Cycle (UC) : http://www.dieselnet.com/standards/cycles/uc.html
   
6. The SC03 Supplemental Federal Test Procedure : http://www.dieselnet.com/standards/cycles/ftp_sc03.html
   

etc etc. for a primary study on different cycles use : http://www.dieselnet.com/standards/cycles/

Similarly use all the countries you are interested in and get the cycle information. 

Now perform these cycles with the test EV and get all data points and plot graph on the power requirements against time , Now you have two graphs where one with speed vs time and second energy requirements vs time. 

Repeat the procedure with the cycles you have interest and make the data ready.

Now its time to choose a optimal electric generator with 

1) Emission characteristics matching the cycle requirement.

        2) Electricity generation capability which is at an optimal level for the above data collected cycles. Assume battery will be supplementing the extra power needs.

The modes the range extender will operate are :

• PURE EV mode
  
• Generator power only mode
  
• Generator power + Battery power mode
  
• Battery recharge mode
  
• Generator power only run   and Battery recharge mode
  

Regeneration can occur on all the above mode as user uses the breaks and other regenerative mechanisms ( example: regenerative shock absorbers )

So as per the logic : The range extender will run on EV mode when the battery is full and above threshold range extender point. Lets say if its  10 mile battery 5 miles in EV mode

Once it reaches 5 miles, the generator kicks in and acts as primary source of running, Now the battery will act as a supplemental energy provider on acceleration, load and uphill ( more 

energy need scenarios ). The battery will be charged back when ever there is an opportunity for regeneration of the power. The generator will recharge the battery when the vehicle is 

in a stop position or need less power than the optimal point power which generator is deigned to generate.Once the power inside the battery reaches back to a level say "return EV mode point"

say 7 mile capability, the generator will be shut off back and the Range extender will run in a Pure EV mode. again when it hits back the threshold range extender point the generator will be kicking in again back.

The points 

 1) the constant generator capacity,

 2) Threshold range extender point

 3) Return EV mode point 

etc should be designed by the applications processing unit intelligence. This can be visualized as profiles ( example: city profile, High way profile, Up hill profile, AWD profile ,Intelligent AWD profile , etc will have different values for the points and will result in different drive experiences for the users). By adding plug in charging , the vehicle should be able to work as a plug in hybrid.

Once, the design of profiles are also completed, we will be almost ready will the design and only new places to explore may be the traction control mechanisms only. Once completing the data points and logic of control, we will be ready to develop the software needed and make out EREVs first tests. The data points can be perfected using software using proving grounds, test fleets 

etc and they can be always updated with software/firmware downloads.

Yes guys, We now did a design of a global focused designed EREV. Back to key points :

1) The Generator characteristics and control interface

2) The operating points

3) The traction control mechanisms to get max out of the electric motors

4) Electric motor characteristics

5) Power dissipation capabilities and storage capabilities of battery.

I think global vehicles can be born from more thinking than just dump executions.

   

© yankandpaste®

Hybrids as per cafe

Power Split Hybrid

The Power Split hybrid (PSHEV) is described as a full or a strong hybrid since it has the ability to move the vehicle on electric power only. It replaces the vehicle’s transmission with a single planetary gear and a motor/generator. A second, more powerful motor/generator is directly connected to the vehicle’s final drive. The planetary gear splits the engine’s torque between the first motor/generator and the final drive. The first motor/generator uses power from the engine to either charge the battery or supply power to the wheels. The speed of the first motor/generator determines the relative speed of the engine to the wheels. In this way, the planetary gear allows the engine to operate independently of vehicle speed, much like a CVT. The Toyota Prius and the Ford Hybrid Escape are two examples of power split hybrid vehicles.

2-Mode Hybrid

The 2-mode hybrid (2MHEV) is another strong hybrid system that has all-electric drive capability. The 2MHEV uses an adaptation of a conventional stepped-ratio automatic transmission by replacing some of the transmission clutches with two electric motors, which makes the transmission act like a CVT. Like the Power Split hybrid, these motors control the ratio of engine speed to vehicle speed. But unlike the Power Split system, clutches allow the motors to be bypassed, which improves both the transmission’s torque capacity and efficiency for improved fuel economy at highway speeds. This type of system is used in the Chevy Tahoe Hybrid.

Plug-In Hybrid

Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEV) are very similar to other strong hybrid electric vehicles, but with significant functional differences. The key distinguishing feature is the ability to charge the battery pack from an outside source of electricity (usually the electric grid). A PHEV would have a larger battery pack with greater energy capacity, and an ability to be discharged further (referred to as “depth of discharge”). No major manufacturer currently has a PHEV in production, although both GM and Toyota have publicly announced that they will launch plug-in hybrids in limited volumes by 2010.

From :http://www.nhtsa.dot.gov/portal/site/nhtsa/menuitem.43ac99aefa80569eea57529cdba046a0/

© yankandpaste®

Engines ....

My new car opened a bit new world i never looked in. It is a 5 cylinder engine. Wow it was new for me. The neighbour (who is on his 80s and was an auto mechanic ) told some stories in 5 cylinder engines and it ignite me to read more.

3 Cylinder
4 Cylinder
5 Cylinder
6 Cylinder
8 Cylinder

and goes on. ..

another dimensions :

Inline
V
Rotary
Flat
Radial

and goes on


Have a look on wikepeida, Its interesting read.


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Car_engine

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engine_configuration

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reciprocating_engines

© yankandpaste®

Small Car Mania

Every auto maker is trying to for small cars ( GM , Ford, Toyota, Honda ) because it has a more demand.

The reality is this demand is not going to be for a long term. But adds a new dimension for the auto making challenge (Big car with more economy ). I am sure a person who used big cars or SUVs never like to go for a small car or he wont be satisfied with a small car in a long term.

I have a neighbour who is using Toyota Yaris for last 2 years. Now she want a bit more bigger car because of the needs. Another friend of mine is also looking for a big car because he got two kids in home.

Yes, Big car solve the economy problem in a different way for work: Car pools. If car is taking 4 for work , its better in a SUV or a big car where every one is comfort ( even 2 people in big car equates 1 person in small car )

Lets wait and see till new fuel economic big vehicles hit the road.


© yankandpaste®